Filip Bubalo

The 15-minute city is here—walk, bike, or ride anywhere in minutes. See how micromobility is redefining urban life and what it means for the future.

How Micromobility Is Powering the 15-Minute City Revolution

What if everything you needed — work, groceries, healthcare, entertainment — was just 15 minutes away?

That’s the vision behind the 15-minute city — a radical shift in urban planning that’s turning traffic-choked streets into thriving, people-first neighborhoods.

And the secret ingredient? Micromobility.

E-scooters, e-bikes, and shared mobility are bridging the gap between public transport and everyday destinations.

Forget hour-long commutes. Short, flexible trips are the future.

✅ Paris is leading the charge, redesigning its streets for walking and biking.

✅ Barcelona’s Superblocks are reclaiming roads for people, not cars.

✅ Portland is integrating shared mobility into its transit system, making the last-mile effortless.

🚦 But not every city is ready for this shift.

🚧 Car-centric infrastructure, outdated policies, and resistance to change are slowing things down.

Can micromobility help cities break free from car dependency and build truly connected, accessible communities? Let’s dive in.


What is the 15-minute city?

Think less traffic, fewer long commutes, and everything you need within a short ride.

That’s the idea behind the 15-minute city — a concept that’s flipping traditional urban planning on its head.

Where did this idea come from?

Urban planner Carlos Moreno made it famous, but the roots go back further — neighborhood unit theory, Garden Cities, and Jane Jacobs’ push for walkable communities.


But why now?

 * 🔄 COVID changed everything — suddenly, people stopped commuting and started living locally. Cities took note. Why force people into hour-long traffic jams when you can bring services closer?
 * 🌍 Sustainability is non-negotiable — transportation accounts for nearly 25% of global emissions. Fewer cars, more micromobility = cleaner air, lower emissions, and less congestion.
 * 🏙️ The future of cities is local — instead of sprawling metropolises built for cars, the 15-minute city prioritizes people. And micromobility? It’s the glue that makes it work.


Why are car-centric cities failing?

For decades, cities have been designed around cars. Wide roads, sprawling highways, and endless parking lots have defined urban landscapes, prioritizing vehicles over people.

But now, the cracks in this model are impossible to ignore.

 * 🚦 Traffic congestion is at an all-time high. Urban commuters are spending more time stuck in gridlock than ever before. In Melbourne, drivers waste 92 hours per year sitting in traffic, increasing fuel consumption and air pollution
 * 💨 Private cars remain a top polluter. Transport accounts for a massive 28% of greenhouse gas emissions in the UK, with road vehicles leading the charge. Despite advancements in EVs, car dependency still fuels climate concerns.
 * 🚗 Cities are drowning in parking spaces. Parking infrastructure eats up 30-40% of urban land in many cities, land that could be used for housing, parks, or public spaces. In Los Angeles, a staggering 200 square miles of prime real estate are dedicated solely to parking—more than the entire city of San Francisco.


The cities feeling the impact

 1. Los Angeles — Once a car utopia, LA now faces some of the worst congestion and land-use inefficiencies. Parking lots dominate the landscape, while public transit struggles to compete.
 2. Jakarta — With one of the worst traffic problems in the world, Jakarta’s overreliance on private cars results in daily gridlock, worsening air quality, and economic losses.

The data is clear: car-centric cities are failing. Traffic keeps getting worse. Pollution is climbing. And valuable land is wasted on vehicles that sit idle 95% of the time.

The solution?

A shift toward walkable, bikeable, and transit-friendly urban design — and that’s exactly where the 15-minute city comes in.


Micromobility — the backbone of the 15-minute city

Cities weren’t built for endless car traffic. Long commutes. Gridlock. Parking chaos. The 15-minute city solves that — but only if people have real alternatives. That’s where micromobility (e-scooters, e-bikes, shared bikes) steps in.

Why? Because it shrinks the distance between you and everything you need.


Micromobility = the missing link in urban transit

Instead of forcing people to drive or walk 20+ minutes to the nearest metro stop, cities are making it easier to grab an e-bike, hop on a scooter, and move freely.

Proof it works:

 * ➡️ Portland’s e-scooter boom isn’t slowing down. In 2022, the city’s shared e-scooter program smashed past 1 million rides — and the momentum keeps building. By mid-2023, Lime reported a 35% spike in trips, proving micromobility isn’t just a trend—it’s the future of urban transport.
 * ➡️ Barcelona’s Superblocks are flipping the script on urban space. By reclaiming streets from cars, these pedestrian-first zones have cut traffic, boosted local businesses, and improved air quality. Studies show the initiative could prevent over 600 premature deaths annually, proving that when cities prioritize people over vehicles, everyone wins.
 * ➡️ Paris is leading a cycling revolution. As of 2021, the city boasts over 1,000 kilometers (621 miles) of cycling infrastructure, including more than 300 km (186 miles) of dedicated bike lanes. This expansion has contributed to a significant decline in car usage, with the number of registered vehicles in the Greater Paris Metropolis decreasing by 1.21% in 2022, equating to 35,000 fewer light vehicles.


The future of cities is fast, smart, and car-free

✅ No more traffic headaches

✅ No more hunting for parking

✅ No more excessive short car trips

Instead, you get a city that moves at human speed.

The shift is already happening. Will cities keep up?


What’s keeping 15-minute cities from taking off?

The 15-minute city sounds like urban mobility utopia — everything within a short walk, bike ride, or scoot away. But turning this vision into reality?

It’s an uphill battle. 🚧


1) Infrastructure gaps — where are the bike lanes?

A city designed for cars won’t magically turn into a cycling paradise overnight.

According to an ITF report on protected bike lanes, most urban areas still lack safe, continuous cycling networks, leaving riders stuck between traffic and the curb. Some cities are experimenting with "light protection" methods — like barriers and dedicated lanes — to close the gap.


2) E-scooter chaos — where do they park?

Dockless e-scooters make mobility flexible — but without proper parking zones, they can clutter sidewalks, spark regulatory backlash, and lead to outright bans.

A study of 37 U.S. cities found that most are still figuring out where scooters actually belong, from geo-fenced parking areas to designated drop zones.


3) Accessibility issue — who gets to use micromobility?

Not all neighborhoods are getting the same micromobility boost.

Low-income areas often have fewer docking stations, limiting access to shared bikes and e-scooters. In some cities, high fees make these services unaffordable for those who need them most.

LA and Chicago are testing subsidized micromobility passes to make rides more accessible — but progress is slow. Some lower-income areas still have half the micromobility coverage of wealthier districts.

And riders with disabilities? Micromobility isn’t designed for them — yet. Many shared e-scooters and bikes lack adaptive features, making them difficult or impossible to use for those with mobility challenges.


How does the future of urban design look like?

Cities are rethinking the way people move, and micromobility is at the center of it.

Over the next decade, expect major shifts in urban planning, technology, and government policies aimed at making the 15-minute city a reality.

 * 📊 Smarter streets, fewer bottlenecks
   
   Helsinki is pushing AI-driven traffic systems to optimize urban mobility, using smart signals and predictive data to ease congestion and improve safety. Meanwhile, Amsterdam tested intelligent traffic lights to prioritize cyclists — until privacy concerns shut the program down.
 * 📲 Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) is coming to your phone.
   
   Imagine using a single app to plan, pay for, and navigate your journey — whether hopping on a scooter, catching the metro, or grabbing a shared bike. The MaaS Alliance and Micro-Mobility for Europe (MMfE) have formed a strategic partnership to accelerate the integration of micromobility services with public transit networks across Europe, aiming to make seamless multimodal travel the new standard.
 * 🏛 More city-led micromobility programs are on the horizon.
   
   Oslo is set to double its shared e-scooter fleet in 2025, aiming to improve transport access in underserved areas. Meanwhile, Helsinki is expanding designated parking zones to reduce clutter and streamline urban mobility. Smarter regulations, better accessibility.

The shift is already happening. Cities that embrace micromobility-friendly policies, smart technology, and public-private partnerships will lead the way in building more connected, accessible urban environments.


Can the 15-minute city work everywhere?

Building cities where everything is just a short walk, bike, or ride away sounds ideal. But making it work takes more than a vision — it requires action.

🏙️ Infrastructure that prioritizes people – Protected bike lanes, well-placed e-scooter parking, and seamless integration with public transit.

⚖️ Equitable access for all – Expanding micromobility to underserved areas and ensuring affordability for low-income riders.

📈 Smarter urban planning – Designing streets for movement, not gridlock, with walkable neighborhoods and car-free zones.

At PROTOTYP, we help cities and mobility operators turn these ideas into real, scalable solutions. Let’s build the future of urban mobility — one city at a time.

Reach out to us and let’s talk urban mobility!

General

The 15-Minute City: Micromobility is Reshaping Urban Design

The e-scooter industry is shrinking. Mergers, bankruptcies & regulations are reshaping micromobility. Who will survive? Read the full breakdown.

The Great E-Scooter Consolidation: Who Will Survive?

The e-scooter industry is going through a massive shake-up.

What started as an explosion of micromobility startups is now a survival game. Some brands are merging to stay alive, others are shutting down entirely, and only a few will come out on top.

Why?

💸 Razor-thin margins and high operational costs are making profitability nearly impossible.

🏙 Cities are tightening regulations, limiting the number of scooter operators allowed on their streets.

📉 Venture capital is drying up, and investors want profits—not just growth.

The result? The e-scooter gold rush is over.

The industry is consolidating fast, with fewer brands controlling bigger markets. What does this mean for riders, cities, and the future of micromobility?

Let’s break it down.


The industry shakeout — why e-scooter companies are merging or collapsing?

The e-scooter boom was fast and chaotic. Cities were flooded with scooters, investors poured billions into startups, and for a while, it looked like micromobility would take over urban transport.

Now? Reality is hitting hard.

The industry is going through a massive consolidation phase, and only the strongest players will survive. Here’s what’s driving the shakeout.


1) Financial struggles — high costs, low margins

E-scooter companies were built on scaling fast, but few figured out how to make money. The unit economics are brutal:

 * Hardware is expensive – Each scooter costs approximately $400–$800 to manufacture. To be profitable, a scooter needs to be in use for at least two seasons, with some estimates suggesting up to four years.
 * Maintenance drains margins – Keeping fleets running means paying for charging, repairs, and rebalancing — all before a single ride even happens.
 * Price wars killed profitability – With too many brands fighting for market share, ride prices were slashed to unsustainable levels, making it nearly impossible to break even.

Bird Global, once valued at $2.5 billion, burned through cash trying to scale — only to file for bankruptcy in 2023.


2) Regulatory pressures — fighting for limited permits

Cities love the idea of micromobility but hate the chaos it can bring.

After early waves of scooter clutter, sidewalk blockages, and safety concerns, many cities cracked down:

 * Permit caps — Cities like Paris and Madrid have limited the number of operators, creating a survival-of-the-fittest competition.
 * Tougher compliance rules — GPS tracking, geofencing, and strict parking regulations increase operational complexity and costs.
 * Outright bans — Paris voted to ban rental e-scooters in 2023, signaling that city support can disappear overnight.

These regulatory pressures are forcing e-scooter companies to adapt or perish in an increasingly restrictive environment.


3) The VC slowdown — investors want profit, not hype

Early investors bet big on growth, hoping e-scooter startups would scale into cash machines.

Instead? Most are still bleeding money — and VCs are done waiting.


The “easy money” is gone

For years, funding rounds flowed freely, fueling aggressive expansion.

Now? Investors want real profits, not just market share.

 * Bird, once valued at $2.5 billion, filed for bankruptcy in 2023 after burning through cash with no path to sustainability. And in 2024 emerged as an ever bigger brand actually.
 * Voi, Lime, and Tier have slashed staff and pulled out of unprofitable cities to cut costs.
 * Mergers are the new survival strategy — TIER snapped up Spin, and Bird acquired Circ, hoping that consolidation = profitability.

Unu, a German e-scooter startup, collapsed under rising material costs and declining demand — a warning sign for other operators trying to scale in a tougher economic climate.

The e-scooter industry is in survival mode. The companies that cut inefficiencies, secure city partnerships, and prove profitability will dominate.

The rest? They won’t make it.


Major mergers & acquisitions reshaping the e-scooter market

The e-scooter industry isn’t what it used to be. A few years ago, the streets were flooded with competing operators, each fighting for dominance.

But now? Only the strongest are left standing.

As funding dries up and cities tighten regulations, companies are merging, acquiring, and cutting deals just to stay in the game.

Consolidation is the new survival strategy.


How companies are consolidating to survive

TIER + Spin + Dott – TIER Mobility has gone all-in on expansion, acquiring Spin from Ford and merging with Dott to form a micromobility giant operating across 20+ countries. The goal? Economies of scale—lower costs, shared tech, and a larger user base.

Bird + Circ – In 2020, Bird bought Circ to expand into Europe—but it wasn’t enough. Despite the acquisition, Bird struggled with profitability and filed for bankruptcy in 2023. But they rose again one year later and had an incredible comeback story.

Lime’s strategy: play it smart – While others merged, Lime avoided major acquisitions. Instead, it focused on profitability and winning city permits, making it one of the few micromobility companies that actually turned a profit in 2023.


Why fewer players = A more stable market

 * Higher pricing power – Fewer competitors mean operators don’t have to undercut each other with ultra-low fares, making it easier to stay profitable.
 * Shared resources = Lower costs – Merging fleets means cheaper manufacturing (batteries, parts, software) and better logistics.
 * Standardized fleets – A consolidated market makes battery swapping and charging hubs more scalable.


But, there’s a downside…

 * Less competition = Higher prices – With fewer operators, riders might end up paying more for trips.
 * Innovation could stagnate – When just a few companies dominate, there’s less pressure to innovate — fewer new models, fewer pricing experiments.
 * Cities might lose micromobility access – If a company exits an unprofitable market, residents could lose their only shared scooter option.

The e-scooter industry is no longer a free-for-all. The age of easy funding and unlimited expansion is over — now it’s all about survival, efficiency, and profitability.

Expect more mergers, higher prices, and fewer choices in the coming years.

The question is: Will this make micromobility stronger or just less accessible?


What’s killing small e-scooter companies?

The e-scooter industry has seen rapid growth, but not all players have managed to stay afloat. Several factors have contributed to the downfall of smaller e-scooter companies:


Smaller operators struggle with:

 1. High equipment costs — E-scooters need to last over six months to be profitable, but many break down sooner, leading to increased replacement expenses.
    
    According to a report by the Boston Consulting Group, at current price levels, e-scooters will likely generate a profit if they can last around six months; however, many do not reach this lifespan, impacting profitability.
 2. Expensive city permits — Some cities impose fees per vehicle or require insurance, which cuts into already thin profit margins.
    
    For instance, many cities and states require electric scooter riders to have insurance. Even if it's not required by law, having insurance can help avoid legal trouble if involved in an accident.
 3. Regulatory hurdles — New laws, such as lithium-ion battery safety requirements in Australia, add compliance costs that smaller companies struggle to absorb.
    
    For example, the New South Wales government is exploring legalizing e-scooters on roads and paths, which includes new safety standards for lithium-ion batteries and devices, with non-compliance fines reaching $800,000.


Who’s struggling?

 * Unu (Berlin) – The Berlin-based e-scooter manufacturer filed for bankruptcy in November 2023, citing high costs and low demand as key factors.
 * Skip (U.S.) – A promising player that couldn’t sustain operations due to financial struggles and market competition.
 * Scoot (U.S.) – Acquired by Bird in 2019, but faced integration and operational challenges, reflecting the industry’s volatility.
 * Bolt Mobility (U.S.) – Abruptly shut down operations in multiple cities in 2022, leaving fleets abandoned.
 * Blue Duck Scooters (U.S.) – A Texas-based startup that couldn’t maintain profitability and exited multiple markets.
 * Gotcha Mobility (U.S.) – Once a strong regional player, but acquired after struggling with financial and operational challenges.


Will cities support or block the big e-scooter companies?

The e-scooter free-for-all is over. Cities have seen the chaos — cluttered sidewalks, safety concerns, and fleets left abandoned — and they’re tightening the rules.

Some are working with operators, while others are kicking them out entirely.


Cities are moving toward regulation & partnerships

 * Paris – Once an e-scooter hotspot, Paris banned dockless scooters in 2023 after residents voted against them. Now, the city only allows shared e-bikes as part of its regulated mobility network.
 * Berlin – Germany’s capital is cracking down on fleet size, limiting how many scooters operators can deploy while enforcing stricter parking rules.
 * London – The UK went the other way, launching city-backed e-scooter trials with select operators like TIER, Lime, and Dott. The goal? See if tightly controlled micromobility can work.


Micromobility is getting integrated into public transit

Cities aren’t just regulating scooters — they’re making them part of the bigger transport picture.

Helsinki is working with operators to use AI-powered systems that guide riders on where to park and how to ride safely.

London’s e-scooter trials are directly linked to transit hubs, giving riders last-mile connectivity.

And across the Atlantic, LA and Chicago are experimenting with discounted micromobility passes for low-income residents, helping bridge the transit gap.


The big shift — tenders vs. free markets

No more "anyone can launch a scooter fleet." Cities are shifting to permit-based tenders, where only a handful of operators get approved.

What this means:

🚦 Less chaos – No more streets flooded with abandoned scooters.

💰 Higher prices – Fewer competitors = less pressure to keep rides cheap.

🛑 Some riders left behind – If your city only picks two operators, tough luck if your favorite one isn’t included.

For example, Paris used to allow multiple operators. But after banning dockless scooters, the city only grants permits to a few selected micromobility companies.


Could we see government-backed e-scooter programs?

Some cities aren’t just regulating e-scooters — they’re considering running them themselves.

 * Oslo cut its e-scooter fleet from 25,000 to 8,000 and is looking into municipally controlled operations.
 * Helsinki is working with private firms but may integrate micromobility directly into city transit in the future.

Cities are taking control of micromobility.

Some are partnering with private companies, some are cutting fleets, and others are eyeing their own government-backed programs.

One thing’s clear: The days of free-for-all e-scooter startups flooding cities are over.


What’s next?

The e-scooter industry is being restructured.

Fewer players. Bigger stakes. Smarter business models.

By 2030, only the strongest will survive.


We have some big predictions

 1. Survival of the biggest – By 2030, only 3-5 micromobility giants will dominate globally. The rest? Merged, acquired, or out of the game.
 2. Battery swapping takes over – Say goodbye to dead scooters. Networks like Gogoro’s allow instant battery swaps instead of waiting for a charge. Faster turnarounds, lower costs, zero downtime.
 3. Goodbye, pay-per-minute — hello, subscriptions – The industry is shifting to Netflix-style pricing. Flat rates. No surprises. A steady cash flow for operators, predictable costs for riders. Win-win.


What needs to happen next?

 * 🔩 Tougher scooters = longer lifespan – Right now, many e-scooters die in months, not years. That’s not sustainable. Stronger frames, better batteries, and lower maintenance costs are non-negotiable.
 * 🏙️ Cities + e-scooters = real partnerships – No more free-for-all launches. Cities are demanding integrated mobility plans — dedicated lanes, parking zones, and better transit connections.
 * 🌍 Sustainability - or bust — E-scooters can’t just be disposable tech. Stricter policies on recycling, eco-friendly manufacturing, and second-life battery use need to happen now.

The e-scooter industry is consolidating fast — and the future belongs to those who scale smart, stay profitable, and work with cities, not against them.


So, is micromobility moving toward a monopoly?

The e-scooter industry started with a wild west mentality — dozens of startups fighting for space, city governments scrambling to regulate, and investors pouring cash into fast-scaling brands.

But now? The industry is shifting toward fewer, bigger players controlling larger shares of the market.

So, is this consolidation a good thing or a warning sign?


The good — stability and scalability

 * ✅ More reliable services – Riders won’t wake up one day to find their favorite scooter brand has vanished. Fewer sudden shutdowns = better reliability.
 * ✅ Better city cooperation – With stronger, financially stable operators, cities can integrate micromobility into long-term urban planning instead of dealing with short-lived, fly-by-night startups.
 * ✅ Potential cost savings – Larger companies can standardize fleet models, share charging infrastructure, and reduce operational costs through economies of scale. This could lead to lower per-ride costs if done right.


The bad — less competition = higher prices?

 * ❌ Higher costs for users — With fewer competitors, micromobility pricing could shift from aggressive discounts to higher fares. If Lime and Tier control a market, what’s stopping them from charging more?
 * ❌ Limited options in some cities — If only 2-3 operators are allowed per city, what happens when they decide a market isn’t profitable? Users could be left with no micromobility at all.
 * ❌ Slower innovation — More competition fuels better tech and lower prices. But if just a few companies dominate, will they keep pushing boundaries, or will they focus on profit-maximizing instead?


Where is all this headed?

Micromobility isn’t going anywhere, but the industry is looking less like a free market and more like a controlled ecosystem where only the strongest survive.

Will the biggest players use their power to create smarter, greener cities, integrating seamlessly with public transit?

Or will they prioritize profits over progress, leading to higher prices and fewer choices for riders? Remains yet to be seen.

Meanwhile, at PROTOTYP, we help mobility companies, cities, and transit agencies design and build better micromobility experiences.

From seamless user experiences to smart city integrations, we work with industry leaders to develop the next generation of urban mobility solutions.

💡 Want to shape the future of micromobility? Let’s build it — together.

👉 Get in touch with PROTOTYP

The Great E-Scooter Consolidation: Will Only a Few Brands Survive?

Micromobility is shifting from pay-per-ride to subscriptions. Are unlimited ride passes and long-term rentals the future of urban transport? Find out now!

Micromobility Subscriptions: The Future of Urban Transport?

The Future of Micromobility Subscriptions — Will You Rent or Own?

E-scooters and e-bikes are not as green as you think. Short battery lifespans, waste, and inefficient charging are adding up. Here is the truth no one talks about.

Micromobility's Battery Crisis: The Truth You Need to Know

Micromobility is booming. Cities are packed with e-scooters and e-bikes, promising a greener, more efficient way to get around. But there’s a problem no one’s paying attention to: what happens to their batteries when they die?

These vehicles are supposed to be a win for sustainability — but their batteries? Not so much.

They wear out too fast, recycling options are limited, and the supply chain behind them isn’t as clean as advertised. Add in inefficient charging and gig workers hauling dead scooters in gas-powered vans, and suddenly, micromobility isn’t looking so eco-friendly.

Today, I'll unpack the battery problem that could derail micromobility’s green promise:

 * Battery waste is piling up — and no one knows where to put it.
 * Mining for lithium, cobalt, and nickel is anything but sustainable.
 * Charging infrastructure is a mess, making fleets harder to manage.
 * Can battery swapping actually fix this? Some cities are betting on it.

E-scooters and e-bikes aren’t going anywhere. But if we don’t rethink their power source, we might be trading one environmental problem for another.


Micromobility’s dirty secret — the battery problem

E-scooters and e-bikes are sold as the future of green transportation—zero emissions, energy-efficient, and a fix for urban congestion. But here’s the reality: up to 95% of lithium-ion batteries never get recycled.

I know, the number sounds incredible. Here's a good read on that topic. While some sources say that up to 59% lithium-ion batteries get recycled, I wouldn't so easily make that claim.

The problem isn’t just about how these vehicles are charged. It’s the entire battery life cycle.

From mining and manufacturing to disposal and replacement, micromobility batteries come with some hidden environmental and ethical costs that few people talk about.


Batteries don’t last as long as you think

Unlike electric car batteries, which can last 8–15 years, micromobility batteries typically fail within 1–3 years. The reasons?

 * High turnover usage – Shared e-scooters and e-bikes get way more charge cycles per year than personal vehicles, wearing out their batteries much faster.
 * Deep discharges – Unlike EVs, which are carefully managed to extend battery health, e-scooter batteries are often drained to near zero before being recharged, accelerating degradation.
 * Heat and damage – Batteries left outside in extreme temperatures degrade quickly, and micromobility vehicles frequently suffer crashes, further shortening battery life.

A 2022 study by MDPI found that most micromobility batteries need replacement after just 300-500 charge cycles — a fraction of the lifespan of an EV battery. And when they fail, they don’t always end up in the right place.


Where do dead batteries go?

Here’s the ugly truth: most micromobility batteries aren’t being recycled properly.

 * Recycling rates are shockingly low – Less than 5% of lithium-ion batteries worldwide are properly recycled.
 * Toxic waste buildup – When batteries aren’t disposed of correctly, heavy metals like lithium, cobalt, and nickel can leak into soil and water, creating long-term contamination.
 * Battery fires are a growing risk – Improper disposal or damaged batteries can lead to thermal runaway—the cause of rising e-scooter battery fires in landfills and waste processing centers.

Recent incidents, including fires at battery recycling plants and e-scooter storage facilities, highlight the dangers of improper disposal. In some cases, lithium-ion batteries have even been classified as hazardous waste due to their fire risk.


The recycling problem

Recycling lithium-ion batteries should be the obvious solution. But it’s a logistical, financial, and regulatory nightmare.

 * It’s not profitable – Extracting valuable materials from used batteries is more expensive than mining new ones. Companies have little financial incentive to recycle.
 * Recycling facilities are limited – The world simply doesn’t have enough facilities equipped to properly process lithium-ion batteries at scale.
 * Micromobility companies aren’t required to recycle – Unlike EV makers, e-scooter and e-bike providers don’t face strict regulations on battery disposal, leading to inconsistent recycling efforts.

And here’s the real kicker: once these batteries hit the landfill, they don’t just disappear. The EPA warns that improperly disposed lithium-ion batteries leak toxic heavy metals into soil and water, creating long-term contamination risks

Micromobility claims to be a car killer — but if its batteries keep ending up as toxic waste, what’s the point?

Until cities and companies get serious about recycling, battery innovation, and actual sustainability, e-scooters and e-bikes won’t be as “green” as they claim.


Why charging micromobility fleets is a mess?

E-scooters and e-bikes are supposed to be an efficient, sustainable alternative to cars. But there’s one big problem — keeping them charged is anything but efficient.

Right now, charging fleets is a logistical disaster. Most companies rely on gig workers driving gas-powered vans to hunt down low-battery scooters, haul them away, charge them overnight, and dump them back on the streets.

Sound sustainable? Not even close.

The result? A system that’s wasteful, costly, and completely undermines the whole “green transportation” pitch.

Until charging is smarter, faster, and actually sustainable, micromobility is just swapping tailpipe emissions for a different kind of waste.


The gig economy model is broken

Most shared e-scooter and e-bike companies don’t have centralized charging stations. Instead, they outsource the job to gig workers — also known as “juicers” or “chargers” — who pick up low-battery scooters, charge them at home, and return them to the streets.

Sounds convenient, right? Not really.

 * It’s wildly inefficient – Gig workers often drive around in gas-powered cars collecting scooters that need a charge, creating more emissions than the scooters save.
 * Workers compete for scooters – Since most companies pay per scooter charged, gig workers race each other to grab as many as possible — leading to more driving and wasted energy.
 * Inconsistent fleet availability – Because charging depends on when and where gig workers collect scooters, cities often wake up to random scooter shortages, making the service unreliable.

This isn’t just a sustainability problem — it’s a business problem too.

A 2022 MDPI study found that inefficient fleet charging drives up operating costs, forcing micromobility companies to burn through funding faster just to keep their fleets running.

At this point, micromobility isn’t running on clean energy — it’s running on chaos. Until companies fix their charging strategy, e-scooters will stay stuck in a sustainability paradox.


Why micromobility companies stick to this model

If it’s so inefficient, why do companies still use gig workers to charge their fleets?

It's simple — because it’s cheap.

 * No need to build charging infrastructure – By outsourcing charging, companies save millions in infrastructure costs.
 * On-demand labor – Instead of hiring full-time staff, companies rely on flexible gig workers who only get paid when they charge.
 * Faster expansion – Without the need for charging docks, micromobility companies can expand into new cities much faster than if they had to build permanent charging stations.

But cheap doesn’t mean sustainable. The gig economy model is great for short-term growth, but it’s not built for long-term efficiency — or real sustainability.

Right now, charging e-scooters is often dirtier than just taking a car. If micromobility is going to be a real climate solution, companies need to rethink fleet charging by:

✅ Investing in dock-based or battery-swapping stations to eliminate inefficient collection.

✅ Shifting to electric or cargo-bike-based collection fleets instead of gas-powered vans.

✅ Optimizing battery management to reduce unnecessary charging and fleet movement.

Until then, the so-called “green” micromobility movement will keep running on gasoline.


How much electricity do micromobility fleets actually use?

One of the biggest misconceptions about micromobility is that charging a fleet of e-scooters and e-bikes is a small energy draw.

In reality, powering thousands of vehicles per city adds up fast.

A 2023 MDPI study found that:

 * A single shared e-scooter uses about 1.5-2 kWh per full charge, meaning a fleet of 10,000 scooters, each traveling an average of 25km per day, consumes 3,750-5,000 kWh per day.
 * This is comparable to the daily electricity use of more than 150 households — and demand is growing as fleets expand.
 * Without dedicated charging hubs, scooters are often left to charge on random power sources, creating grid inefficiencies and higher energy waste.

If micromobility is going to scale without overloading city power grids, cities need smarter solutions.


Is solar-powered charging the answer?

What could be a better way? Solar-powered charging stations.

Instead of plugging into the grid, these docks generate their own power, keeping fleets charged with zero emissions. Some cities are already testing it out, and the results are promising.

🔋 Lower electricity costs – Washington, D.C.’s Capital Bikeshare installed solar-powered docks, cutting energy costs and taking pressure off the grid. The city even threw $375,000 in funding at the idea to expand solar e-bike charging.

🚲 More reliable fleets – No more half-dead scooters cluttering the sidewalks. WE-cycle, a bikeshare program, expanded from two to seven solar charging stations, and suddenly, fully charged e-bikes were actually available when people needed them.

🌍 Fewer emissions – Right now, charging fleets still relies on energy that isn’t always green. Solar stations cut out the middleman, slashing micromobility’s carbon footprint. A study found that solar-powered e-bikes could hit net-zero emissions just by avoiding fossil-fuel-based grid power.

Cities like Washington, D.C., and Regensburg, Germany, are already proving this works. And Zeus Scooters just rolled out solar-powered wireless charging stations in Europe to make their fleets even greener.


Can battery swapping fix the problem?

What if instead of charging e-scooters and e-bikes the old-fashioned way, you could just swap out the battery in seconds?

That’s the promise of battery swapping — a solution that could fix micromobility’s biggest headaches: fleet downtime, inefficient charging, and dead scooters cluttering sidewalks.

Instead of waiting for vehicles to charge, riders or fleet operators can quickly swap in a fresh battery and keep moving.

Several cities and companies are already testing battery-swapping stations — and the results are promising.


How battery swapping works

Imagine never having to wait for an e-scooter or e-bike to charge. Instead, you pull up to a station, swap out the dead battery for a fully charged one, and you’re back on the road in seconds.

That’s battery swapping — and it could be the key to fixing micromobility’s biggest inefficiencies.


Step 1: Drop off the depleted battery

Riders or fleet operators bring a scooter or e-bike with a low battery to a swap station. Instead of plugging it in and waiting, they simply remove the dead battery and place it into an available charging dock.


Step 2: Grab a fully charged battery

The station instantly releases a fresh, fully charged battery, ready to go. The entire process takes under a minute, compared to hours of charging time in traditional fleet models.


Step 3: Get back on the road

With a quick swap, the micromobility vehicle is back in action — no downtime, no waiting, no hassle. This makes it ideal for:

✅ Riders – They can quickly exchange a battery instead of hunting for a charged scooter.

✅ Fleet operators – Companies like Lime and Tier can keep their fleets running without relying on gig workers driving around collecting scooters.

✅ Cities – Less clutter from dead scooters littering sidewalks means cleaner, more efficient streets.


Who’s leading the charge?

The concept of battery swapping isn’t just theoretical—it’s already being tested at scale:

 * Gogoro (Taiwan) – The world’s most successful battery-swapping network, handling over 500,000 swaps per day. Gogoro’s battery stations are now being adopted for micromobility in Europe and North America.
 * Tier (Europe) – The company launched battery swap kiosks in major cities, allowing riders to swap batteries themselves instead of waiting for fleet workers to charge vehicles.
 * Lime (U.S.) – Lime is piloting swappable battery tech in select markets to improve fleet efficiency and reduce downtime.


Why some cities are betting big on swapping

For cities looking to make micromobility more reliable and sustainable, battery swapping is a no-brainer:

🔋 More uptime, fewer dead scooters – Vehicles stay on the road longer, improving fleet efficiency.

🚗 Fewer gas-powered collection vans – Swapping eliminates the need for gig workers to drive around collecting scooters.

🌍 Lower emissions & better sustainability – Cities can actually call their micromobility programs “green.”


Taipei, Taiwan — The gold standard for battery swapping

Taipei is home to Gogoro’s battery-swapping network, the world’s largest and most successful implementation of the technology.

✅ Over 2,500 swap stations across Taiwan, making battery replacement as easy as refueling a gas-powered scooter.

✅ More than 400,000 swaps happen daily, eliminating the need for gig workers to collect and charge e-scooters.

✅ Up to 95% uptime for vehicles using swappable batteries, significantly improving fleet efficiency.

Taipei’s model is so effective that Gogoro is now expanding battery swapping to cities in India, Indonesia, and Europe.


Berlin, Germany — Tier’s self-service battery swap stations

Berlin has embraced rider-based battery swapping, a concept led by Tier Mobility, one of Europe’s largest micromobility providers.

✅ Tier introduced battery swap kiosks where riders can swap dead batteries themselves, earning free ride credits in return.

✅ Fleet uptime increased by 60%, since vehicles don’t have to be collected for charging.

✅ A 30% drop in fleet-related emissions, as the need for gas-powered vans collecting scooters was drastically reduced.

Tier is now expanding this model across other major European cities, including Paris and Vienna, proving that swapping works at scale.


Paris, France — Swapping to comply with new regulations

Paris, which recently banned shared e-scooters from sidewalks, is pushing micromobility operators to improve fleet management.

✅ Battery swapping helps operators comply with new fleet availability and street clutter regulations.

✅ Swappable battery stations reduce sidewalk clutter, as dead scooters no longer pile up in high-use areas.

✅ Lower maintenance costs for micromobility providers, making fleet operations more financially sustainable.

Paris is also looking at integrating battery swapping into public transit hubs, making it easier for riders to switch between modes of transportation.


Micromobility needs a battery fix — Now

Micromobility is supposed to be the clean, smart alternative to cars — but right now, its battery problem is holding it back. Short battery lifespans, inefficient charging, and a dirty supply chain are keeping the industry from delivering on its sustainability promise.

If micromobility is going to be a real player in the future of urban transport, cities and companies need to step up.


What needs to happen next?

The micromobility industry, policymakers, and cities all need to take action. Fast.

✅ Build smarter charging infrastructure – Cities should invest in solar-powered charging stations and integrated charging hubs at transit centers. (per ITF/OECD recommendations)

✅ Expand battery swapping programs – Companies should follow the lead of Gogoro, Tier, and Lime by deploying more swap stations for seamless energy management. (per industry reports)

✅ Enforce responsible battery sourcing – Governments need stricter regulations on battery materials, ensuring that lithium, cobalt, and nickel mining meet ethical and environmental standards. (per EU policy documents)

✅ Improve battery recycling & second-life programs – Only 5% of lithium-ion batteries are recycled today—that number needs to rise dramatically. Cities should push for mandatory recycling programs and incentives for second-life battery uses. (per OECD findings)

Micromobility has the potential to transform urban mobility — but only if it solves its battery problem. Without action, dead scooters, inefficient charging, and supply chain issues will continue to undermine its sustainability claims.

Cities, companies, and policymakers have a choice: fix the system now, or risk losing public trust in micromobility altogether.

Because if e-scooters and e-bikes aren’t actually sustainable, what’s the point?

The Micromobility Problem No One's Talking About

Micromobility fills the gaps in public transit, making city travel seamless. Find out how e-scooters and bikes are transforming urban mobility.

Why Cities Need Micromobility to Move Better

Cities are struggling to keep people moving. Traffic is worse than ever, public transit doesn’t always go where people need it, and the last-mile gap — getting from a transit stop to your final destination—is still a major headache.

Meanwhile, pressure is mounting to cut emissions and make urban travel more sustainable.

That’s where micromobility comes in.

E-scooters, e-bikes, and shared bikes don’t replace public transit — they make it work better. They give people a fast, flexible way to cover short trips, bridging the gaps buses and trains can’t.

The result? Fewer car trips, better transit access, and an all-around smoother commute.

Today, we break down how cities can integrate micromobility with public transit in a way that actually works. We’ll go through the benefits, the challenges, and the cities already getting it right. There's much to discuss, so let's dive in.


The rise of micromobility in cities

Micromobility has gone from a niche experiment to a core part of urban transportation. Shared e-scooters, e-bikes, and dockless bikes are now everywhere, providing a cheap, convenient alternative for short trips.

The numbers back it up. In the U.S. alone, shared micromobility trips surged from 35 million in 2017 to 112 million in 2021. That surge isn’t random — it’s happening because cities are building more bike lanes, expanding shared mobility programs, and integrating these services with public transit.

Why the shift? Micromobility fixes what cars mess up. It’s cheaper, more flexible, and doesn’t clog streets or pump out emissions. A McKinsey report estimates that micromobility could replace a large percentage of short car trips, cutting traffic and pollution in the process.

At this point, micromobility is a necessity.


What is micromobility?

Micromobility is just a fancy term for small, lightweight vehicles designed for short trips (1-5 miles). Some people own them, but a huge chunk of trips come from shared fleets.

Types of micromobility vehicles

According to the NACTO Micromobility Guidelines, the most common options include:

 * E-scooters – Electric scooters available through dockless sharing systems.
 * E-bikes – Bicycles with an electric boost to make longer rides easier.
 * Dockless bikes – Regular or electric bikes you can rent and leave at designated areas.

Micromobility vs. traditional transit

Micromobility isn’t public transit, and it’s not a car replacement—but it fills the gaps in between. Compared to traditional transit, it’s:

 * On-demand – No fixed routes or schedules. Riders decide when and where to go.
 * Smaller – Takes up way less space than cars, helping cut congestion.
 * Cheaper – Pay-per-minute pricing makes it more affordable than car ownership or ride-hailing for short trips.
 * Easier to integrate – Perfect for closing the first- and last-mile gap, making transit more accessible.

With the right infrastructure and policies, micromobility is bound to change urban transportation — fast, flexible, and built for modern cities.


Why micromobility matters?

Public transit is great — until it’s not. The biggest issue? It doesn’t always take riders all the way to their destination.

That last-mile gap — the stretch between a transit stop and where people actually need to go — often pushes commuters to just drive instead.

Micromobility fills that gap.

E-scooters and e-bikes offer a quick, flexible way to connect with transit hubs, making public transport a more practical choice. According to NACTO, cities with strong micromobility networks have seen higher transit ridership.

Beyond convenience, micromobility cuts congestion. A Carnegie Mellon University research estimates it could replace 20% of short car trips, which means fewer cars, lower emissions, and faster commutes for everyone.


Traditional public transit — strengths and limitations

Public transit is the backbone of city transportation. Buses, trains, and subways move huge numbers of people efficiently, reducing traffic and emissions. It’s affordable, widely available, and essential for urban mobility.

But it’s not perfect. Fixed routes, limited service hours, and poor last-mile connectivity make transit inconvenient for many trips.

In some cities, outdated infrastructure and long wait times push people toward driving or ride-hailing instead.

Public transit works best when it’s fast, reliable, and accessible — but it can’t do everything alone. That’s where micromobility comes in.


A quick overview of public transit systems

Public transit is built for efficiency. Trains, buses, and subways move millions of people daily at a lower cost than private vehicles, reducing congestion and emissions. In major cities, it’s the backbone of mobility — New York’s subway alone handles over 3 million trips per weekday.

Its biggest strengths? Coverage and affordability.

Public transit connects neighborhoods, business districts, and transit hubs, making getting around the cities affordable. Unlike cars — with their endless fuel, parking, and maintenance costs — transit fares are predictable and often subsidized.

But it lacks flexibility.

Fixed routes and schedules don’t always match riders’ needs, and the last-mile gap remains a problem. This is why many commuters, even in transit-heavy cities, still choose cars for convenience.


The big challenges holding transit back

Public transit is essential, but let’s be honest—it’s not always convenient.

 * Inflexible routes – Riders have to adapt to transit rather than transit adapting to them. If a stop isn’t close enough, commuters face long walks or extra ride-hailing costs.
 * Low service frequency – Outside peak hours, buses and trains run too rarely to be reliable. Long waits and packed vehicles push people toward driving.
 * Poor connectivity – Many networks focus on major hubs but leave homes, workplaces, and local businesses underserved. If getting from A to B is a hassle, people default to cars — clogging streets and shrinking transit ridership.

For public transit to stay relevant, it needs to be faster, more reliable, and better connected. That includes making micromobility a seamless part of the system.


Why micromobility and transit work better together

Micromobility makes public transit more practical by solving the first- and last-mile problems. When e-scooters and e-bikes connect people to transit hubs, fewer short car trips are needed. And this means lower congestion and emissions.

Cities that integrate micromobility into their transit networks see smoother traffic flow and increased ridership. More people choose public transport when they have a fast, hassle-free way to reach stations.

This combination goes well beyond just convenience. The end goal is building a smarter, more connected urban transportation network that gives people real alternatives to driving.


1) Cutting traffic and emissions, one ride at a time

Every short car trip replaced by micromobility means less congestion, lower emissions, and cleaner air. Short-distance drives clog streets, but when cities make e-scooters and e-bikes easy to use, fewer people need to rely on cars.

A Carnegie Mellon University research estimates that micromobility could replace 20% of short car trips in major cities. That’s a big deal — fewer cars means smoother roads, less pollution, and a city that doesn’t feel like a giant parking lot.

When bikes and scooters aren’t just an afterthought but a genuine part of the transit system, cities become easier to navigate, more breathable, and — let’s be honest — just better places to live.


2) Making the last mile a non-issue

Public transit works — until it doesn't. If the station is too far from where you actually need to be, the whole trip feels like an inconvenience. And when getting to that last stop means either a long walk or an overpriced ride-hail, most people just take the car instead.

Micromobility fixes that. E-scooters and e-bikes parked near transit hubs make the last mile quick and painless. No long walks, no waiting for a bus that barely runs — just hop on and go.

It’s simple: if getting to and from transit is easy, more people use it. And that’s how cities move smarter.


3) Making commuting suck less

Here's a truth — commuting can be a headache. Long walks, overpriced ride-hailing, missed connections… it’s no wonder people default to cars. But throw micromobility into the mix, and suddenly, getting to work doesn’t feel like a chore.

E-scooters and e-bikes make those last few miles quick and stress-free. And when cities introduce unified ticketing — letting people pay for transit and micromobility in a single app — it removes the issue completely. No juggling multiple payments, no extra steps, just a smooth ride from A to B.

Better first- and last-mile options mean shorter travel times, easier access to transit, and an overall better commuting experience. And when moving through a city is seamless, more people actually want to use sustainable transport.


The roadblocks to integration

Micromobility and public transit should work hand in hand — but in reality, it’s not that simple. Red tape, infrastructure gaps, and habit-driven resistance all make progress harder than it should be.

For starters, many cities don’t have clear policies on e-scooters and e-bikes, which makes building a seamless system a logistical nightmare. Then there’s infrastructure—without dedicated lanes, smart parking solutions, and unified ticketing, micromobility stays a patchwork fix instead of a real transit solution.

And even when the systems are in place, getting people to actually use them is another challenge. Behavior doesn’t change overnight. Cities need education, incentives, and seamless payments to make micromobility feel less like a novelty and more like a natural part of daily transit.


1) Regulatory and policy hurdles

Micromobility integration often runs into inconsistent regulations and unclear policies. Every city seems to have its own take on where e-scooters and e-bikes can be ridden, how they should be parked, and who is responsible when things go wrong. That patchwork approach makes it tough to scale systems across regions.

Safety regulations add another layer of complexity. Helmet laws, speed limits, and riding restrictions vary widely, creating confusion for both users and operators. And when it comes to liability? Good luck figuring out who’s at fault in an accident.

Without clear, standardized policies, transit agencies and micromobility providers are left guessing. If cities want seamless integration, they need straightforward, uniform guidelines — rules that prioritize safety without crushing accessibility and efficiency.


2) Infrastructure and technological integration

Micromobility and public transit should work together seamlessly—but without the right infrastructure, they’re just awkwardly coexisting.

Physical gaps are the first problem. Many cities still don’t have dedicated bike and scooter lanes, forcing riders onto crowded sidewalks or risky streets. And without secure parking near transit hubs, shared vehicles end up scattered everywhere, making the system look messy instead of efficient.

Then there’s the tech problem. Right now, riders juggle multiple apps just to plan a trip.

On the tech side, seamless ticketing and real-time data sharing remain major hurdles. There’s no reason booking a scooter and catching a train should require two separate systems.

The fix? A single platform that connects micromobility and transit—real-time availability, estimated arrivals, and pricing, all in one place.

Until cities get these upgrades right, micromobility will stay a sidekick instead of a true transit player.


3) Behavior and adoption challenges

Even with seamless integration, people don’t just wake up one day and change how they commute. Most stick to what they know — whether that’s driving or taking the same transit route they’ve used for years.

Making multimodal travel the default takes more than just good infrastructure. It takes a shift in mindset.

The first hurdle? Awareness. If people don’t know there’s a scooter or e-bike waiting near their station — or how easy it is to grab one — they won’t even consider it. Smart education campaigns can help riders see micromobility as part of their daily routine — much more than just a backup plan.

Incentives also help. Discounted rides, free transfers, and loyalty programs give people a reason to try micromobility and keep using it.

And then there’s the biggest factor: ease of use.

If commuters have to juggle multiple apps, create separate accounts, or deal with confusing pricing, they’ll just default to cars. The smoother the experience, the faster habits change — and the faster cities move forward.


How does this work in real life? 

Some cities have already cracked the code — blending micromobility with public transit in ways that actually work.

And the results? Less congestion, higher transit ridership, and a more efficient way to move.

By making e-scooters and e-bikes an effortless part of the commute, these cities have turned public transit into a practical, go-to option instead of just a backup plan. Some have tackled the challenge with smart policies, others through public-private partnerships, but the takeaway is the same:

When micromobility is easy, people use it. And when more people choose scooters, bikes, and transit over cars, everyone wins.


San Francisco Bay Area has micromobility figured out

The San Francisco Bay Area has nailed micromobility integration—giving commuters a real reason to leave their cars behind.

The Bay Wheels bike-sharing program, launched in 2017, operates in San Francisco, Oakland, San Jose, Emeryville, and Berkeley, offering both traditional and electric-assist bikes.

Riders can grab a traditional or electric-assist bike to connect seamlessly with the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) system — no car required.

And it’s working. A study on BART stations found that when shared micromobility options are available, transit use goes up, and car dependence drops.

The Bay Area proves that micromobility is an essential piece of a smarter, more accessible urban transportation system.


Micromobility and public transit clicked in Stuttgart

Stuttgart not only added micromobility to its transit system — it made it impossible to ignore.

With the Mobility Stuttgart App, residents can plan the fastest routes while seamlessly accessing micromobility options from SHARE NOW, Call-a-Bike, TIER, and Voi — all in one place. No app-juggling, no guesswork.

One of the city’s smartest moves? A partnership between Voi and S-Bahn Stuttgart that improved parking at central stations and streamlined integration. The result?

A 35% jump in public transport ticket sales among Voi users — proof that when micromobility and transit work together, more people ditch their cars.

By focusing on digital convenience and strategic partnerships, Stuttgart has made micromobility a natural extension of daily transit. And that's something to celebrate!


What’s next for urban mobility?

Cities are rethinking transportation, moving toward smarter, more connected systems where micromobility is a core part of the plan.

The goal?

Less congestion, lower emissions, and real alternatives to private cars.


Key trends shaping the future

 * Smarter mobility systems – Public transit, micromobility, and ride-sharing are merging into real-time data platforms.
 * Better infrastructure – Cities are stepping up with dedicated bike lanes, micromobility parking zones, and multimodal transit hubs, making it easier to switch between transport options.
 * Electric and shared fleets – The growth of electric and dockless micromobility fleets is cutting emissions and improving accessibility, especially in dense urban areas.


Policy moves to make it work

 * Unified ticketing & pricing – A single-payment system for transit and micromobility (with discounts for combined trips) makes multimodal travel a no-brainer.
 * Public-private partnerships – When cities and micromobility providers work together, service areas expand, and reliability improves.
 * Clearer safety regulations – Standardized rules for speed limits, parking, and road use make micromobility safer and more predictable for everyone.

People won’t ditch their cars just because cities add more options. But if getting around is effortless — if hopping between a bus, a bike, and a train feels natural — driving starts to feel unnecessary.


Let's build cities that move smarter

Public transit alone won’t cut it. If getting to a station is a hassle, people will just drive. Micromobility—e-scooters, bikes, and shared mobility—fills those gaps, making transit easier to use while reducing traffic and emissions.

But this doesn’t happen by throwing a few bike lanes on a map and calling it a day. It takes smart planning, seamless technology, and real investment to make micromobility a natural part of city life.

That’s where we come in. At PROTOTYP, we work with cities, transit authorities, and mobility companies to design transportation systems people actually want to use.

If you’re serious about making urban mobility more connected, let’s talk. Send us an email and let’s chat about how to create a city that moves better — without the traffic.

The Missing Piece in Public Transit? Micromobility.

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AuthorFilip Bubalo

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